Oral+Presentations

Glass Glass generally refers to hard, brittle, transparent materials or amorphous solids, such as those used for windows, many bottles, or eyewear. In the technical sense, glass is an inorganic product of fusion which has been cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing. Many glasses contain silica as their main component and glass former Advantages: strength of glass, strong material, manejable Disadvantages: breaking and destroy all Spatial Organization

Spatial organization is the arrangement of different levels of objects (physical and human) on the earth's surface. Points, lines, areas and volume are the four components with which spatial organization can be described. These four elements describe the spatial properties of objects: a school can be thought of as a point, connected by roads (which are lines) leading to nearby parks and neighborhoods (which are areas), whereas a lake in a park can be thought of as a volume.

Walls It is any upright structure of masonry, wood, plaster, or other building material serving to enclose, divide, or protect an area, especially a vertical construction forming an inner partition or exterior siding of a building. It can retain a flow of water too. Walls in the antique: protection and power. Some of the famous walls are: The Great wall of China, The Berlin Wall and The //Wailing Walling Jerusalem.// About techniques: Walls are constructed in different forms and of various materials to serve several functions. Exterior walls protect the building interior from external environmental effects such as heat and cold, sunlight,, rain and snow, and sound, while containing desirable interior environmental conditions. Walls are also designed to provide resistance to passage of fire for some defined period of time, such as a one-hour wall. Walls often contain doors and windows, which provide for controlled passage of environmental factors and people through the wall line. Post and Lintel Simple form of construction involving posts carrying horizontal beams or lintels, as in timber-framed work or in columnar and trabeated architecture. Ancient Egyptian and Ancient Greek architecture was of this type, using stone. The biggest disadvantages to this type of construction are the limited weight that can be held up, and the small distances required between the posts. Roman developments of the arch allowed for much larger structures to be constructed.. //Post: // A long piece of wood or other material set upright into the ground to serve as a marker or support. Lintel: A horizontal structural member, such as a beam or stone, that spans an opening, as between the uprights of a door or window or between two columns or piers. Arch An arch is a structure that spans a space while supporting weight. It appeared in the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamian brick architecture, but its systematic use started with the Ancient Romans. The forms of the arches can be used to express unity, balance, proportion, scale and character. Because brick masonry has greater resistance to compression than tension, the masonry arch is frequently the most efficient structural element to span openings. Some types of arches are: Jack arch, Segmental Arch, Multicentered Arch, Bullseye arch, Gothic Arch and Triangular Arch. An arch is variation of lintel

Framed Structures Frames structures are the example of an applied technique that is supported mainly by a skeleton or frame, this structure is able to stand by itself as a rigid structure without depending on floors or walls to resist deformation. Materials such as wood, steel, and reinforced concrete, which are strong in both tension and compression, make the best members for framing

Types of technique are: Balloon framing is a method of wood construction. It utilizes long continuous framing members (studs) that run from sill plate to eave line with intermediate floor structures nailed to them. Platform framing is the most common method of light-frame construction for houses and small apartment buildings in Canada and the United States.

The framed structure sits atop a concrete or treated wood foundation. A sill plate is anchored. Generally these plates must be pressure treated to keep from rotting.